Introduction
to Psychology - Psy 101
Course
Objectives
Chapter 1
1. What
is Psychology?
2. History
of Psychology
a. Ancient Greeks
b. Philosophy and Physiology
c. Schools of Psychology
1) Structuralism
2) Functionalism
3) Behaviorism
4) Psychoanalysis
5) Modern Psychology
-
Cognitive,
Cognitive-Behaviorism (Neo-Behaviorism), Neo-Freudian
-
Humanism,
Neurobiology, Women in Psychology
d. Eclectic
3. Psychology
Today
a. Seven Research Areas
b. Four Professional Specialties
Chapter 2
1. Goals
of Scientific
a. Describe and Measure
b. Understand and Predict
c. Apply and Control
2. Steps
in Scientific Investigation
a. Formulate a Testable Hypothesis
1)
Operational Definitions vs. Inferences
b. Select Research Method - Design Study
c. Conduct Study
d. Analyze Data - Draw Conclusions
e. Report Findings
3. Experimental
Research
a. Definition & Descriptions
b. Terms:
1) Independent & Dependent Variables
2) Operational Definitions
3) Control Group (random & matching)
4) Experimental Group
5) Extraneous Variables
c. Advantages & Disadvantages
4. Descriptive
Research
a. Definition & Descriptions
b. Types
1) Naturalistic Observation
2) Case Studies
3) Surveys and Psychological Tests
5. Correlational
Research
a. Definition & Descriptions
b. Advantages & Disadvantages
6. Statistics
& Research
a. Definition
b. Descriptive Statistics
1) Central Tendency
2) Variability
3) Correlation Coefficient
c. Inferential Statistics
1) Definition
2) Statistical Significance
7. Evaluating
Research - Flaws
a. Sampling Bias
b. Placebo Effect
c. Confounding of Variables
d. Distortions - Self-Report Data
1) Social Desirability Bias
2) Memory Errors
3) Sensory Errors
e. Experimenter Bias
f. Demand Characteristics
8. Ethics
a. Deceptions
b. Animal Research
Chapter 10
1. Human
Development
a. Definition
b. Chronological Periods of Development
2. Prenatal
Development
a. Zygote and Conception
b. 3 phases
3. Prenatal
Risks
a. Specific Teratogens & Mother’s
Condition
b. Impact on Development
4. Motor
Development
a. Cephalocaudal & Proximodistal
b. Developmental Norms
c. “Readiness”
5. Temperament
a. Research Methods
b. 3 Patterns of Temperament
6. Attachment
/ Bonding
a. Definitions
b. Theories
c. Types
of Attachment
7. Personality
Development
a. Erikson’s Theory
b. Eight Psychosocial Stages
8. Cognitive
Development
a. Piaget’s Theory
1) Basic Principles
2) Four Stages of Development
b.
Vygotsky’s
Theory
9. Adolescence
a. Physical Development
b. Search for Identity
c. Adolescent
Issues
10. Adulthood
a. Change and Stability
b. Personality Development
a.
Demands
and Commitments
b.
Physical
and Cognitive Changes
Chapter 3
1. Physiological
Psychology
2. Cells
a. Neuron vs. Glia Cells
b. Basic Structure of a Neuron
1) Axon
2) Dendrites
3) Soma (Cell Body)
4) Cell Nucleus
5) Myelin Sheath
6) Terminal Branches & Buttons (Synaptic Knobs)
4. Neural
Impulse
a. All or Nothing Law
b. Resting vs. Action Potential
c. Absolute and Relative Refractory Period
d. Law of Forward Conduction
e. Minimum Threshold
5. Synapse
a. Synaptic Anatomy
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Transmission
d. Five Functions
1) Synthesis
2) Release
3) Binding
4) Inactivation
5) Reuptake
e. Postsynaptic Potential
6. Neurotransmitters
a. Acetylcholine
b. Antagonist & Agonist
c. Monoamines
d. Endorphins
7. Nervous
System
a. Basic Organization
b. Peripheral Nervous System
1) Somatic Nervous System
2) Autonomic Nervous System
a) Sympathetic Division
b) Parasympathetic Division
c. Central Nervous System
1) Brain
2) Spinal Cord
8. Brain
Research
a. Spinal Tap
b. EEG
c. ESB (Electrical Stimulation of the Brain)
d. Lesioning
e. Brain Imaging Techniques
1) CAT
2) MRI
3) 3) PET
9. Divisions
of the CNS
a. Hindbrain
1) Medulla
2) Pons
3) Cerebellum
b. Midbrain
1) Reticular Activating System
c. Forebrain
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Cerebrum
a) Cortex & Convolutions
b) Corpus Callosum
c) Four Lobes of Cerebrum
10. Heredity
and Genetics
a. Genotype
b. Phenotype
c. Polygenic Inheritance
Chapter 6
1. Classical
Conditioning
a. Ivan
Pavlov
b. Definition
c. Stimuli
1) Unconditioned
Stimulus
2) Unconditioned
Response
3) Conditioned
Stimulus
4) Conditioned
Response
5) Neutral Stimulus
d. Variables
1) Acquisition
2) Extinction
3) Stimulus Generalization
4) Stimulus Discrimination
5) Spontaneous Recovery
6) Resistance
to Extinction
2. Operant
Conditioning
a. B.
F. Skinner
b. Definition
c. Reinforcement
1) Primary Reinforcers
2) Secondary Reinforcers
d. Shaping
3. Schedules
of Reinforcement
a. Continuous
b. Intermittent
1) Fixed-ratio
2) Variable-ratio
3) Fixed-interval
4) Variable-interval
4. Positive
vs. Negative Reinforcement
a. Negative Reinforcement
5. Punishment
a. Definition
b. Make Punishment More Effective
c. Side Effects of Punishment
6. Observational
Learning
a. Albert Bandura
b. Definition
c. Four Processes
1) Acquisition
/ Attention
2) Retention
/ Memory
3) Performance
/ Convert into Action
4) Consequences
/ Motivation
1. Person Perception
1) Looks
2) Movement
2. Attributions
a. Internal vs. External
1) Fundamental Attribution Error
2) Actor-Observer Bias
3) Self-Serving Bias
4) Defensive Attribution
3. Relationships
1) Proximity
2) Physical Attraction
3) Similarity
4) Reciprocity
1) Types
2) Attachment
4. Attitudes
1) Source (Communicator)
2) Content of Message
3) Receiver
1) Learning Theory
2) Cognitive Dissonance
3) Self Perception
4) Psychological Reaction
5) Elaboration Likelihood
5. Conformity and Obedience
1) Reason Why
2) Factors Which Increase Conformity
1) Milgram
2) Factors Which Influence Obedience
1) Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment
6. Group Behavior
1) Polarization
2) Groupthink
Chapter 11 - Personality
1. Traits vs. States
a. Traits
1) McCrae & Costa’s Big 5
2) Gordon Allport
b. States
2. Psychoanalytic Theories
a. Freud
1) Components of Personality
2) Levels of Awareness (Consciousness)
3) Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms
4) Psychosexual Stages
b. Jung’s Analytical Psychology
1) Personal and Collective Unconscious
2) Introversion vs. Extroversion
3) Rational vs. Irrational
c. Adler’s Individualistic Psychology
1) Striving for Superiority
2) Inferiority Feelings
3) Birth Order
4) Social Interest
3. Behavioral Theories
a. Skinner
1) Conditioning
2) Determinism
3) Response Tendencies
b. Bandura
1) Reciprocal Determinism
2) Observational Learning
3) Self-Efficacy
c. Mischel
1) Situational Determinism
4. Humanistic Theories
a. Concepts
1) Self-Actualization
2) Free Will
3) Optimism
4) Rational, Conscious Perspective
5) Phenomenological Approach
6) Unique
b.
1) Self-Concept
2) Congruence vs. Incongruence
3) Conditional vs. Unconditional Positive Regard
c. Maslow
1) Self-Actualized Person
2) Peak Experience
5. Biological Perspectives
a. Theorist
b. Basic Concepts
6. Contemporary Approaches
Chapter 13 – Psychopathology
1. Basic Ideas
a. Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
b. Medical Model of Abnormal Behavior
c. Terms
1) Insanity
2) Diagnosis
3) Prognosis
4) Etiology
d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
e. Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders
2. Theoretical Approaches
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Behavioral
c. Cognitive
d. Biological
3. Anxiety Disorders
a. Definition
b. Types
1) General Anxiety Disorder
2) Phobic Disorder
3) Panic Disorder
4) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
5) PTSD
c. Etiology
4. Somatoform Disorders
a. Definition
b. Types
1) Somatization Disorder
2) Conversion Disorder
3) Hypochondria
c. Etiology
5. Dissociative Disorders
a. Definition
b. Types
1) Psychogenic Amnesia and Fugue
2) Dissociative Identity Disorder
c. Etiology
6. Mood (Affective) Disorders
a. Definition
b. Types
1) Major Depression
2) Bipolar Depression
c. Etiology
7. Schizophrenic Disorders
a. Definition
1) Positive and Negative Symptoms
b. Types
1) Disorganized Schizophrenic
2) Catatonic Schizophrenic
3) Paranoid Schizophrenic
4) Undifferentiated
c. Etiology