Psychology of Personality - Psy 258

Course Outline

Introduction

1.      Basic Assumptions Concerning Human Nature

2.      Definition of Personality

3.      Major questions a theory attempts to answer

4.      A Good Theory

1. Utility
2. Internal Consistency
3. Comprehensive
4. Parsimonious
5. Utility

5.      Potential Pitfalls

1. Ethnocentrism
2. Egocentrism
3. Dogmatism
4. Misunderstanding
5. Evidence

6.      Basic Assumptions

A.  Freedom … Determinism

      B.   Unconsciousness … Conscious

      C.  Holism … Elementalism (Reductionism)

      D.  Heredity … Environment

      E.   Changeability (Optimistic) … Unchangeability (Pessimistic)

      F.   Proactivity (Personal) … Reactivity (Situation)

G.  Homeostasis … Heterostasis

8. Uniqueness…Universality
9. Continuous…Discontinuous Development
10. Cultural Determinism…Cultural Transcendence
11. Early…Late Development

Psychoanalytic Theory of Freud

1.   Sigmund Freud

2.      Theoretical Principles   

1. Psychic Determinism Unconscious Mind
2. Dynamic Nature - homeostasis

C.     Closed System

3.      Basic Concepts and Process

1. Levels of Unconscious

1)      Conscious

2)      Preconscious

3)      Unconscious

2. Instincts

1)      Life Instinct – Eros

2)      Death Instinct – Thanatos

3. Personality Structure

1)      Id

2)      Ego

3)      SuperEgo

4.      Developmental Stages

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital

5.      Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms

A.  Repression

6. Denial
7. Reaction Formation
8. Projection
9. Displacement
10. Sublimation
11. Regression
12. Rationalization

6.      Application of his Theory

7.      General Evaluation

1. Contributions
2. Limitations

Jung and Adler

1.      Carl Jung

1. Analytical Psychology
2. Three Parts of the Mind, or Psyche

1)      The Ego

2)      The Personal Unconscious

3)      The Collective Unconscious

-Archetypes

C.     Dynamics of Personality

1)      Principles of Opposites

2)      Principles of Equivalence

3)      Principles of Entropy

4. Other Concepts

1)      Transcendent Function

2)      Self

3)      Complexes

5. Application

1)      Personality Assessment - Functions and Attitudes

6. Evaluation

2.      Alfred Adler

1. Individual Psychology

1)      Teleological Approach

2. Motivations

1)      Striving For Superiority

2)      Inferiority Complex

3)      Organ Inferiority

4)      Compensation

3. Social Interest
4. Style of Life and Psychological Types

1)      Rulling

2)      Getting

3)      Avoiding

4)      Socially Useful

5. Parenting

1)      Pampering

2)      Neglect

6. Birth Order
7. General Evaluation

NeoFreudians

1.      Erik Erikson

      A. Theory of Ego Development

      B.  Epigenetic Principle

      C.  Stages of Development

     D.  General Evaluation

2. Karen Horney

1. Basic Anxiety and Hostility
2. Neurosis

1)      Moving Towards Others

2)      Moving Against Others

3)      Moving Away from Others

3. Self
4. General Evaluation

3.      Harry Stack Sullivan

1. Interpersonal Theory
2. Dynamism and Personification
3. Influences of Interpersonal Communication

4.      Erich Fromm

1. Freedom

1)      Authoritarianism

2)      Destructiveness

3)      Conformity

2. The Basic Needs

5.      Other Ego Psychologists

1. Melanie Klein
2. Margaret Mahler

Phenomenological Theory of Carl Rogers

1.      Carl Rogers

2.      Person-Centered Theory - Basic Principles

1. Self-Actualization
2. Organismic Valuing process
3. Positive Regard
4. Positive Self Regard and Conditions of Worth
5. Self-Concept
6. Congruence vs. Incongruence
7. Fully Functioning Individual

3.      Client-Centered Therapy

1. Congruence
2. Empathy
3. Respect

Humanistic Theory of Maslow and Kelly

1.   Abraham Harold Maslow

1. Theory
2. Hierarchy of Needs

1)      The physiological needs

2)      The safety and security needs

3)      The love and belonging needs

4)      The esteem needs

5)      Self-actualization

C.  Neurosis

2.   George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory 

A.     Human as Scientist

B.     Constructive Alternativism

C.     Fundamental Postulate and 11 Corollaries

D.  Emotions

Learning Theory

1.   Behavioral theory emphasis

2.   Stimulus / Response Theory  -  Dollard and Miller

A.  Concepts of learning

1)   Cue (stimulus)

2)      Response

3)      Drive

4)   Reinforcement

      B.   Personality

      C.  Comparison with Psychoanalytic Theory

3.   Reinforcement Theory - B.F. Skinner

A.  Radical

B.   Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement

1)   Definition

2)   Reinforcement

3)   Extinction

4)      Schedules of Reinforcement

5)      Shaping

6)      Punishment

      C.  Personality Theory

1)      Behavior

2)      Token economy

Social Cognitive Viewpoint

1.   Julian Rotter's Expectancy-Value Theory

A.  Needs

B.   Locus of Control

C.  Interpersonal Trust

2.   Albert Bandura and Social Learning Theory

A.  Reciprocal determinism

            B.   Observational learning / Modeling

            1)   Attention

            2)   Retention

            3)   Reproduction

4)   Motivation

C.  Self-Efficacy

D.  Self-regulation

1)      Self-observation

2)      Judgment

3)      Self-response

3.   Walter Mischel

1. Cognitive Social Learning Personal Variables

1)      Competencies

2)      Encoding Strategies

3)      Expectancies

4)      Subjective values

5)      Self-Regulatory Systems and Plans

2. Application

Cognitive Theorists

1.      Albert Ellis

1. Basic Tenets
2. ABC Theory
3. Absolute Musts
4. Cognitive Restructuring

2.      Aaron Beck

1. Cognitive Restructuring / Cognitive Behavior Therapy
2. Automatic Thoughts

3.      Martin Seligman

1. Learned Helplessness
2. Pessimism
3. Learned Optimism

Trait Theories

1.      Gordon Allport

1. Basic Assumptions
2. Basic Concepts
3. Traits

1)      Cardinal Traits

2)      Central Traits

3)      Secondary Traits

4. Application and Evaluation

2.      Raymond Cattell

1. Basic Assumptions
2. Basic Concepts
3. Traits

1)      Surface Traits

2)      Source Traits

4. Application and Evaluation